All How It Works in Explainers

Welcome to the complete index of every article in our How It Works collection on When Notes Fly. This page lists every article in the section, organized alphabetically for easy reference. Each piece is researched, written by hand, and grounded in academic sources, professional practice, or empirical data. Whether you are diving into How It Works for the first time or returning to find a specific article, the index below gives you direct access to the full collection within Explainers.

If you are new to How It Works, we recommend starting with the foundational explainers and definitions before moving on to specific case studies, applied frameworks, and deeper analytical pieces. Articles are written for thoughtful readers who want substance over summary, with clear explanations of how ideas connect, where they come from, and why they matter. Use this index as a navigational map: skim the titles, read the short summaries, and click through to the pieces that draw your interest. Each article also links to related material so you can follow a thread of ideas across our entire Explainers library.

Most articles in this collection run between 1,500 and 3,000 words. We aim for the kind of explainer that holds up six months later: enough mechanism to be useful, enough nuance to be honest, and enough citation that you can verify the claims yourself. Where the research disagrees or the evidence is thin, we say so. Where a claim is well-established, we say that too. The goal is for you to leave with a working model you can apply, not a vibe you'll forget by Tuesday.

Bookmark this index — it gets fresh entries weekly. New articles are added at the top of the chronological feed and integrated into this alphabetical archive. If you can't find what you are looking for, try the broader Explainers archive for related ideas across all of Explainers, or browse our homepage for the latest writing.

Browse All How It Works Articles

How Biases Are Formed

Pattern recognition overgeneralizes from few examples to broad rules. Cultural learning transmits biases. Emotions attach value creating preferences.

How Complex Systems Adapt

Variation creates diversity. Selection preserves what works and eliminates failures. Retention passes successful adaptations forward over time.

How Culture Evolves Over Time

Culture evolves through transmission from parents, innovation when someone tries new behavior, and selection when successful behaviors spread.

How Does the Stock Market Work?

Learn how the stock market works, from exchanges and market makers to bid-ask spreads, price movements, and how to start investing as a beginner.

How Evolution Made the Mind

Evolutionary psychology asks whether humans are general-purpose learners or have Pleistocene-shaped psychological adaptations.

How Feedback Loops Work

Reinforcing loops amplify changesviral growth and panic spirals. Balancing loops stabilize systems through homeostasis and resistance.

How Technology Adoption Works

Technology adoption curve: innovators 2.5%, early adopters 13.5%, early majority 34%, late majority 34%, laggards 16% follow predictable patterns.

What Is Cognitive Science? The Interdisciplinary Study of

Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of the mind and intelligence, drawing on psychology, neuroscience, computer science, linguistics, philosophy, and anthropology. Explore its origins, key theories, and ongoing debates.

What Is Emergence?

Emergence is how complex properties arise from simple rules — from starling murmurations to consciousness to market prices.

What Is Pharmacology?

Pharmacology explained: how drugs move through the body, bind to receptors, and produce effects.

Why We Become Addicted to Our Phones

Smartphone compulsion isn't a character flaw — it's the product of deliberate design. Here's the neuroscience and behavioral engineering behind why...