January 2025
- Jan 31, 2025ConceptsWhat Is Behavioral ActivationBehavioral activation treats depression by reversing the withdrawal cycle through structured activity. Learn Lewinsohn's model, Jacobson's findings, and the evidence base.
- Jan 30, 2025ConceptsStereotype Threat: When Fear of Confirming Becomes RealIn 1995, Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson gave Black and white Stanford students a difficult verbal test.
- Jan 29, 2025TechnologyDeep Learning: Unraveling AI's Layered Learning ProcessDeep learning uses neural networks with many layers to learn complex patterns from data, powering breakthroughs in image recognition, language,...
- Jan 28, 2025ConceptsUnderstanding Social Loafing in Group DynamicsIn 1913, Max Ringelmann had men pull a rope alone and in groups. Alone, each man pulled with about 63 kg of force.
- Jan 27, 2025ConceptsSocial Identity Theory: Favoring Our In-GroupIn 1970, Henri Tajfel told Bristol schoolboys they preferred either Klee or Kandinsky paintings, a distinction Tajfel invented on the spot.
- Jan 26, 2025ConceptsThe Norm of Reciprocity: Gifts, Debts, and ObligationsIn 1971, Dennis Regan had a confederate give subjects a Coke during a break in an experiment.
- Jan 25, 2025ConceptsOperant Conditioning: Consequences and Their LimitsIn 1930, B.F. Skinner placed a rat in a box with a lever. When the rat pressed the lever, a food pellet dropped. The rat pressed more.
- Jan 24, 2025ConceptsThe Implicit Association Test: Measuring Hidden BiasAnthony Greenwald, Debbie McGhee, and Jordan Schwartz's 1998 paper introduced a test that could measure racial bias in milliseconds.
- Jan 23, 2025ConceptsGrowth Mindset: The Belief That Changes What Failure MeansIn the early 1980s, Carol Dweck watched children in her University of Illinois lab respond to difficult problems.
- Jan 21, 2025ConceptsAttachment Theory and Its Impact on RelationshipsIn 1957, Harry Harlow placed infant rhesus monkeys with two wire surrogates: one that provided milk, one wrapped in terrycloth that provided...
- Jan 19, 2025ConceptsSystem Justification Theory and Its Social ImplicationsWomen rate male job candidates more favorably than identical female candidates. Working-class voters oppose redistribution more strongly than the...
- Jan 18, 2025ConceptsUnderstanding Self-Determination Theory and MotivationIn 1971, Edward Deci paid students to solve Soma puzzles they previously enjoyed, and found they spent less time on the puzzles during free time...
- Jan 17, 2025TechnologyArtificial Intelligence: Understanding Its Core FunctionsArtificial intelligence is technology that enables machines to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, from recognizing images to...
- Jan 16, 2025ConceptsRegulatory Focus Theory: Promotion vs. Prevention MindsetsE. Tory Higgins showed children a cartoon animal that was either cheerful when it found its favorite food or sad when it didn't.
- Jan 15, 2025ConceptsMoral Foundations Theory: Why Liberals and Conservatives DifferJonathan Haidt asked subjects to evaluate a scenario: a family eats their dog after it dies in a car accident. No one is harmed. Everyone consents.
- Jan 14, 2025ConceptsGroupthink: How Cohesion Leads to Poor Decision-MakingAfter the Bay of Pigs disaster, John F. Kennedy asked his advisors: 'How could I have been so stupid?' The plan was transparently flawed.
- Jan 13, 2025ConceptsFlow State: The Psychology Behind Optimal ExperienceMihaly Csikszentmihalyi interviewed chess players, rock climbers, surgeons, and composers and found they described their best experiences in nearly...
- Jan 12, 2025ConceptsDeindividuation: The Impact of Anonymity on BehaviorIn 1969, Philip Zimbardo had NYU students administer electric shocks to another person. Half wore their normal clothes and name tags.
- Jan 11, 2025ConceptsConstrual Level Theory: The Effects of DistanceNira Liberman and Yaacov Trope asked students to describe activities, taking a trip, eating breakfast, reading, either for tomorrow or for next...
- Jan 10, 2025ConceptsProspect Theory: Why Framing Changes How Outcomes FeelTversky and Kahneman's 1981 Asian Disease Problem: 72% of subjects chose certain survival of 200 people over a gamble for all 600.
- Jan 9, 2025ConceptsObedience to Authority: The Dangers of ComplianceStanley Milgram asked psychiatrists to predict how many Yale subjects would administer the maximum 450-volt shock to another person if ordered to...
- Jan 8, 2025ConceptsMental Accounting: Why a Dollar Is Not Always a DollarYou have two $100 bills in your wallet: one earmarked for rent, one for entertainment. You spend the entertainment $100 on dinner.
- Jan 7, 2025ConceptsLearned Helplessness: Why People Stop Trying to EscapeMartin Seligman and Steven Maier gave dogs inescapable electric shocks in 1967. When later placed in a box where escape was easy, the dogs did not...
- Jan 6, 2025ConceptsInattentional Blindness: Missing What We Don't NoticeIn 1999, Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris asked subjects to count basketball passes in a video.
- Jan 5, 2025TechnologyWhat Is a Neural Network: How AI Learns From DataA neural network is an AI system inspired by the brain, built from layers of connected nodes that learn patterns from data to make predictions.
- Jan 4, 2025ConceptsImplicit Bias: Exploring Unconscious PrejudicesIn 1998, Anthony Greenwald, Debbie McGhee, and Jordan Schwartz published the Implicit Association Test, a measure of automatic mental associations...
- Jan 3, 2025ConceptsElaboration Likelihood Model: How Persuasion Actually WorksIn 1984, Richard Petty and John Cacioppo told some students that a proposed exam policy would take effect at their university next year (high...
- Jan 2, 2025ConceptsCognitive Dissonance Reduction StrategiesA smoker who knows smoking causes cancer has a problem: the belief 'I smoke' conflicts with the belief 'smoking kills.' The discomfort of that...
- Jan 1, 2025ConceptsAnchoring and Adjustment: Influence of Initial NumbersTversky and Kahneman spun a rigged wheel that landed on either 10 or 65, then asked subjects how many African countries are in the United Nations.
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