Stereotype Threat: When Fear of Confirming Becomes Real
In 1995, Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson gave Black and white Stanford students a difficult verbal test.
January 2025
Growth Mindset: The Belief That Changes What Failure Means
In the 1980s, Carol Dweck watched children in her Columbia lab respond to difficult problems.
December 2024
Cognitive Load Theory: Why Working Memory Is the Bottleneck of All Learning
George Miller's 1956 paper established that working memory holds 7 ± 2 items. John Sweller's 1988 cognitive load theory asked: if working memory is...
December 2022
What Is Cognitive Load and Why It Matters for Learning
Cognitive load theory explains why learning sometimes fails. Learn about Sweller's three types of cognitive load and how to reduce extraneous load...