July 2025
- Jul 22, 2025ExplainersWhat Is Systems Thinking? A Beginner's GuideAn introduction built around the four ideas that do the work: feedback loops, stocks and flows, delays, and leverage points, with Donella Meadows's ranking of interventions from weak (adjusting numbers and buffers) to strong (information flows, rules, goals, paradigms). Also covered are three recurring archetypes and Sterman's beer distribution game at MIT, where linear ordering rules produced costly supply chain swings even when demand was perfectly stable.
- Jul 21, 2025ExplainersThe Decision-Making Process ExplainedGigerenzer and colleagues tested the naive 1/N rule, divide funds equally, against fourteen sophisticated optimization models across seven stock markets over spans of 10 to 50 years. The simple heuristic matched or beat them out of sample, because the complex models need estimated means and covariances and those estimates carry error. This page covers framing, option generation, reversibility and the finding that inconsistency between judges often outweighs individual bias.
- Jul 18, 2025ExplainersWhat Is Critical Thinking? Beginner ExplanationA plain-language introduction to critical thinking as five linked skills: questioning assumptions, judging evidence quality, spotting fallacies, generating alternative explanations, and catching your own bias. Keith Stanovich's work found IQ correlates roughly 0.2 with critical thinking performance, so raw intelligence does not supply it. The guide also covers lateral reading, the technique professional fact-checkers used to beat students and historians at judging sources.
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