Development of Information Theory
Shannon defined information as reduction of uncertainty. Bit is the fundamental unit. Entropy measures information content and compression limits.
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Shannon defined information as reduction of uncertainty. Bit is the fundamental unit. Entropy measures information content and compression limits.
Cognitive revolution in the 1950s rejected behaviorism. Computers provided metaphors. Focus shifted to mental processes and information processing.
Shannon's mathematical model treats communication as signal transmission. Encoding sends messages. Decoding receives them. Noise creates errors.
Scientific management optimized tasks. Human relations in 1930s emphasized social factors. Systems theory saw organizations as interconnected wholes.
Argyris and Schon distinguished single-loop learning, which fixes errors, from double-loop learning, which questions underlying assumptions.
Scientific management quantified work. Accounting standardized financial measurement. Modern analytics expanded to all aspects of organizational performance.
Behavioral economics origins: Simon introduced bounded rationality in 1950s. Kahneman and Tversky revealed cognitive biases and heuristics in 1970s.
Decision theory origins: Bernoulli introduced expected utility in 1738. Von Neumann and Morgenstern developed game theory and axioms of rationality in 1944.
Aristotle developed logic and syllogism. Socrates questioned assumptions. Descartes emphasized doubt. Enlightenment valued reason over authority.
Bertalanffy created general systems theory. Cybernetics studied feedback and control. Systems dynamics modeled complex behavior over time.
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